AI reference
Clear AI definitions and model data you can check.
A glossary written for practitioners, research summaries, and language models compared on price, limits and capabilities, with a source and a date next to every number.
Glossary
254 terms · A–Z
Definitions first, then how it works, worked examples, formulas and code.
LLM API pricing
71 models · 5 vendors
Per-token prices from each vendor's own page, with cache, batch and long-context rates.
Models
17 model cards · 9 comparisons
Context windows, limits and capabilities, with the source behind each value.
Tools
Token counter · cost calculator
Count the tokens in your prompt, then see what a month of traffic costs on every model.
LLM changelog
33 changes · last Oct 26, 2026
Model launches, price changes and retirements, each linked to the vendor's notice.
News and research
139 articles
Pricing news, research summaries and applied machine learning explainers.
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Fresh in the reference
Recently updated in the glossary
Featured guides
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AI Search: How AI Is Changing Search Results, Website Traffic and Marketing
AI search means getting an answer written by an AI model instead of, or on top of, a list of links. It now comes in two forms. Search engines add AI answers to their own…
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The History of Artificial Intelligence: From Turing to the LLM Boom
No single person invented artificial intelligence. The name comes from a proposal dated August 31, 1955, written by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and…
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Best Open-Source LLMs in 2026: The Top Open-Weight Models Compared
The best open source LLM in October 2026 is no longer a cheap stand-in for a closed model. Epoch AI estimates that the strongest open-weight models trail the closed…
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Genetic Algorithms Explained: How They Work, Examples and Python Code (2026)
A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search method that evolves a population of candidate solutions using selection, crossover and mutation. It treats optimization like natural…
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AI Algorithms for Image Recognition: From CNNs to Vision Transformers, YOLO and SAM
Image recognition is the ability of software to identify what is in an image or video frame: which objects are present, where they are, and sometimes exactly which…
- FeaturedAI Education
AI in Education (2026): What Works, What the Evidence Shows, and What Schools Should Do
AI in education means using artificial intelligence, mostly chatbots and tutoring systems built on large language models, to help students learn and teachers teach. By…
Latest articles
All 139 articles
Is AI a Bubble? What the Spending, the Cash and the Markets Say
Is AI a bubble? Parts of it behave like one, and the rest is a very large bet that is still mostly paid for out of profits, though less so every quarter. As of November 11, 2026, the question is not settled. AI revenue is growing fast, the…
- AI in business
AI Data Centers: What They Are, Where They Are Being Built, and What They Cost
- AI Education
The EU AI Act Explained: Risk Categories, Deadlines After the 2026 Omnibus, and Fines
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How Does AI Work? A Plain-English Guide, From Training to the Answer on Your Screen
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Types of AI: The 3, 4 and 7 Types Explained, and Which Ones Actually Matter
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The Best ChatGPT Alternatives in 2026: Free and Paid AI Chatbots Compared
- Research
AI in Medicine (2026): What Happened to the 'Medical Revolution' and What Works Now
- AI Education
Machine Learning vs Deep Learning: The Real Differences and When to Use Each (2026)
- Research
Self-Driving Cars in 2026: How They Work, Who Leads, and How Safe They Are
- AI in business
AI in Law: How Lawyers and Courts Use It, What Works and the Risks (2026)
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Will AI Replace Jobs? What the Data Actually Shows in 2026
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WebMCP Explained: What It Is, How It Works and How to Add It to Your Website (2026)
- Research
People Are Blurring Their Fingers in Selfies. Can AI Really Steal Your Fingerprints From a Photo?